![]() Flow systems are important in supporting the development of secondary cities. ![]() ![]() Urban systems in most secondary cities are poorly integrated, badly designed and therefore weak. Secondary cities are struggling to raise capital and attract the investment needed to build infrastructure, productive enterprises and vibrant communities that contribute to dynamic economies, improved livelihoods and jobs ( Roberts, 2014). However, growing disparities in economic, physical and social development between systems of cities are increasing gaps in income, poverty and levels of employment, especially between primary and secondary cities. They note that secondary cities act as catalysts and secondary hubs in facilitating the localised production, transportation, transformation, or transfer of goods and services, people and information between subnational, metropolitan, national, regional and global systems of cities. Roberts (2014: 2) seeks to fill this gap by exploring the role secondary cities play in rapidly urbanising regions. There is a need for further research to understand the specific patterns and drivers of urban growth in different areas, as well as the policy responses required. Limited investment in infrastructure and urban services such as water, solid waste management and health is another reason for their vulnerability. Urban risks are also expected to be greatest in these cities, as they are generally less well-resourced in terms of professional capacity, governance and finance. It is in medium-sized and small cities of the developing world that urban growth is expected to be greatest.
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